Oncology is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist. The commonest occurring cancers with the treatment options are as follows.

o Bladder Cancer
o Bone Caner
o Blood Cancer
o Breast Cancer
o Lung Cancer
o Brain Tumor
o Lymphoma
o Head and Neck Cancer
o Salivary gland cancer
o Pancreatic Cancer
o Parathyroid Tumor
o Penile Cancer
o Prostate Tumor
o Testis Cancer
o Thyroid Cancer

Diagnostic and staging investigations depend on the size and type of malignancy.

Blood cancer: - Blood investigations including hemoglobin, total leukocyte count, platelet count, peripheral smear, and red cell indices. Bone marrow studies including aspiration, flow cytometry, cytogenetics, fluorescent in situ hybridization and molecular studies

Lymphoma:-Excision biopsy of lymph node for histopathological examination immunohistochemistry and molecular studies Blood investigations include lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum uric acid, and kidney function tests.

Imaging tests such as computerised tomography (CT scan), positron emission tomography (PET CT Scan) and Bone marrow biopsy.

Solid tumors:- Biopsy for histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Imaging tests like X-ray, ultrasonography, computerised tomography (CT Scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI Scan) & PET CT. Endoscopy including Nasopharyngoscopy, Direct & Indirect Laryngoscopy, Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Colonoscopy, Cystoscopy. Tumor markers including alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-HCG), Carcinoembionic Antigen (CEA), CA 125 Prostate specific antigen (PSA).

Surgery involves the removal of cancerous tissue from the body. It is the primary treatment for many types of cancer. Surgery can also confirm a diagnosis (biopsy), determine how far a person s cancer has advanced {staging}, relive side effects {such as an obstruction}, or ease pain (palliative surgery).

Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-ray to destroy cancer cells. Radiation therapy is considered a local treatment, as it only affects one part of the body. The goals of radiation therapy include shrinking the tumor before surgery, keeping the tumor from returning after surgery, eliminating cancer cells in other parts of the body, and relieving pain (palliation).

Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs fight cancer by interfering with the growth process of cancer cells, eventually causing the cells to die. Chemotherapy is used to shrink or eliminate the tumor, keep the tumor from spreading, destroy any cancer cells that have spread to other areas in the body, or relive symptoms. Chemotherapy is called a systemic treatment, because it affects the entire body.